Python convert image to black and white

Python convert image to black and white. Save the binary image so it can be examined later. IDE used: Anaconda - SPYDERMe Sep 28, 2019 · Don't use the code directly, use the main idea of the code. y = np. supports jpg, png, webp, bmp and gif image formats. For the colour white, all 3 colour components must be 255. There are good answers below too. 128: x = . png') pl. I try below code. if you can use PIL. To apply this mask to our original color image, we need to convert the mask into a 3 channel image as the original color image is a 3 channel image. atleast_3d(img) This built-in takes care of keeping the output shape to be 3D by appending one new axis as the last one for a 2D array and makes no change for a 3D input, all being taken care of under the hoods. png')); In the matplotlib tutorial they don't cover it. Aug 27, 2021 · image_file = Image. Apr 10, 2022 · The code snippet in Python should convert the rgb image to black and white, but only a black image output. At the moment, your code sets each colour component separately, so you could get a mixture such as (255,0,0) which will appear strongly red. resize(image, (200, 600)) for image in images] ##code for changes to black and white display_images_and_labels(resized_images, labels) Nov 28, 2019 · Please pay attention to the documentation on PIL. re. The matrix is called indices. Convert the rgb array to gray scale using the method mentioned here, then im = Image. Conveniently, calling the below API in your Python workflow will allow you to quickly convert color images to black and white grayscale through programmatic color removal. Also make sure that you're passing a grayscale image (only 1-channel) to cv2. I have tried the following: indices = indices. png' # Open gray-scale image img = Image. MinFilter(3) as an argument for the . 0 * g +. Converting an image to black and white with OpenCV can be done with a simple binary thresholding operation. Example, white text with blue background such as a button. So, no need to worry about this we will solve this problem in a simple way by using the OpenCV in Python. png") img. Aug 20, 2024 · How do I convert an image to black and white in Python? › Convert an Image to Grayscale in Python Using the Conversion Formula and the Matplotlib Library. misc. open(). Feb 27, 2019 · The PIL method convert("1") converts to black and white using dithering, as the docs state:. matrix = scipy. CV This Repository contains a python file that converts black and white images to color images. imread('loadtest. Learn more Explore Teams. Then, you can convert the non-zero values to 1. shape) >> (28,28,1) Mar 29, 2015 · I have a skin detection code that works nicely to separate out skin pixels from the background of a HSV image. Input Image : Output Image: I have used the following code for conversion: img[np. import ImageFilter. convert("L") image = Image. To convert an RGB image into a binary type image, we need OpenCV. I am new to opencv and python as well as tesseract. 1. However it is trained on a huge dataset. 5870 * G + 0. 1. axis('off') pl. show() I get this: Why is it rotated? That's not the point but I'd like to know why. To produce the output you're trying to get, multiply by 255 and convert to uint8: Jan 23, 2024 · pip install opencv-python Converting Colorful Image to Black and White. Pixels which are white in the original image stay white, all other pixels are turned black. I have a GUI with a command button that says "convert image to black and white". Scale image to specific width and height. I'm trying to convert a colored example. First I tried to apply a regex to convert the 'rgb(xxx,yyy,zzz)' to black, but that created a black rectangle losing the image in the process. size, "WHITE") alphaComposite = Image. Overview; convert_image_dtype; crop_and_resize; Apr 23, 2020 · In this tutorial we will learn how to obtain video from a webcam and convert it to black and white, using OpenCV and Python. Read input image using Image. Jan 3, 2023 · Let's see how to Convert an image to NumPy array and then save that array into CSV file in Python? First, we will learn about how to convert an image to a numpy ndarray. In this Python tutorial we will cover multiple methods to get black and white images with programming, the tutorial includes PIL library information, syntax information and basic digital image information as well as several examples for demonstration. My code works perfectly on black text and white background or white text with black background but not in colored images. cvtColor(mask, cv. However, it is not giving satisfying results. Import Image module from Pillow library. Jul 31, 2012 · I'm trying to convert a colored image to a black and white one. grayscale() Convert the image to grayscale. Steps to convert Color image to black and white image. zeros(img. inputText. getBlue() if x > 0. I am trying to convert those images to a black and white image where the sign is black and the background is always white. On other hand, black and white images consists of either 0 (white) or 1 (Black) pixels. I have attached the input and output images. You can learn more about image processing using python here further. But all the white pixels are not completely getting converted to black. image as mpimg import numpy as np def to_bw(img): """Return a black and white copy of `img`. e. glob("*. cvtColor(frame, cv2. convert('RGB') im_invert = ImageOps. The grayscaling process simply translates to converting an image to shades of gray. Paint your videos with hues of transformation! 🎨🖌️🚀 Apr 15, 2010 · I would like to be able to convert SVG documents to black and white. COLOR_GRAY2BGR) # 3 channel mask Converts one or more images from RGB to Grayscale. color. They are all RGB. Dec 25, 2019 · We can directly load in an image as grayscale using cv2. In the following example, we scale the given image to a specific width of 200 pixels and a height of 250 pixels. save(out_path) # Make all non-black colors white imp_arr = fromimage(img) imp_arr = (np. Please give me some advice. png") # open colour image. convert('1') # convert image to black and white. The shade of gray varies between complete black and complete white. " Witness monochrome canvases exploding into vibrant spectra, a dance of deep learning and OpenCV's magic. First: import pylab as pl import Image im = Image. COLOR_BGR2GRAY parameter. tile) Detect and read barcodes and QR codes with ZBar in Python; Detect and read QR codes with OpenCV in Python; Convert BGR and RGB with Python, OpenCV (cvtColor) Detect and read barcodes with OpenCV in Python; NumPy: Arrange ndarray in tiles with Embrace the allure of visual metamorphosis with "Black-and-white Video Colorization. Attempts. To do so in python we have a popular package named as CV2 which is most used to perform image related operations. Threshold. svg file into a grayscaled example_gs. It s not possible to manually identify in which image the character is in black and the background is in white and vice versa. ImageOps image = Image. open() function. png' out_path = 'E:\\out. open("convert_image. The default method of converting a greyscale (“L”) or “RGB” image into a bilevel (mode “1”) image uses Floyd-Steinberg dither to approximate the original image luminosity levels. First I want to convert color image to black text on white background in order to improve OCR accuracy. We will use PIL. size Feb 1, 2017 · @ganeshdeshmukh You can use the fromarray function of the PIL Image. The left-hand side of this binary image shows a white dot on a black background, while the right-hand side shows a black hole in a solid white section. I have this so far . To convert a colorful image to black and white, we need to convert it to grayscale first. Import Image, and ImageFilter modules from Pillow library. png') if image Dec 6, 2022 · PIL is the Python Imaging Library which provides the python interpreter with image editing capabilities. convert('1') # convert image to black and white This method appears to handle a region filled with a light colour by dithering the image. Nov 7, 2020 · The problem is, the image is interpreting pixel data as grayscale, so a value of 1 is almost black. imshow Jul 15, 2018 · I am trying to convert the white background of the input image into black using python OpenCV. open("data7. convert('L') # convert image to monochrome - this works. scikit-image conveniently wraps many of these in the io submodule, and will use whichever of the libraries mentioned above are installed: May 23, 2018 · You need to convert your image to grayscale first, since PIL opens it as RGB. Using OpenCV's findContours and drawContours it is possible to first vectorise the lines and then exactly recreate the original image:. open('aa_comressed_32. Finally, the threshold is defined to binarize the image before exporting it to PDF format. ge I did some thresholding on an image and want to label the contours in green, but they aren't showing up in green because my image is in black and white. Help is appreciated. 255 * r + . Apr 14, 2020 · I have the following RGB image (shape of (3, 50, 200)): I want to reduce dimensions by converting the image to pure black and white (this image looks black and white, but actually it has 3 channels as I mentioned). convert('L') #convert a gray scale print(img1. ceil(imp_arr Mar 12, 2024 · Read the image, converting it to grayscale as it is read. Converting a colored image into black and white can be useful on many occasions to reduce the size of a program and remove unnecessary pixel data. png. upload your color photo in this tool, preview it, then click convert to black and white button. Once process done, tool will preview your black and white image along with download button. rgb2gray will rescale an image to floating point values in [0, 1], even if the original image contains uint8 values in [0, 255]. invert. convert("RGBA") width, height = im. Let's find out which data image is more similar to the test image using python and OpenCV library in Python. Jun 18, 2019 · I need to take this image and rotate it 90d and print it in black and white colors. alpha_composite(background, image) alphaComposite. invert(im) im_invert. size) >> (28,28) But the image doesn't have a channel . getGreen() b = p. convert() function to convert the images into grayscale or the black and white mode. Jul 6, 2018 · Like the image above suggests, how can I convert the image to the left into an array that represent the darkness of the image between 0 for white and decimals for darker colours closer to 1? as shown in the image usingpython 3`? Update: I have tried to work abit more on this. Aug 4, 2020 · import tensorflow as tf from tensorflow. 255 * g +. Once we have the grayscale image, we can iterate over its intensity values and set Sep 7, 2016 · from scipy. shape, np. Using this PIL we can do so many operations on images like create a new Image, edit an existing image, rotate an image, etc. org Apr 13, 2019 · In this tutorial we will learn how to convert an image to black and white, using Python and OpenCV. Matplotlib's imshow can take a MxNx3 matrix where each entry is the RGB color value - just set them to white [1,1,1] or black [0,0,0] accordingly. Oct 11, 2019 · OpenCV. misc import imsave. Feb 7, 2020 · The original cause of the problem is that skimage. pyplot as plt from scipy import nd Make an image black and white. e grayscale image to a colour image. The original image is the following: I have a few problems. Now, I am creating a script that will recognize text from an image. fromarray(rgb_array, mode='RGB') – How to convert image to black and white or grayscale using opencv python is shown #opencv #python #pythontutorial Oct 17, 2019 · I have an RGB coloured image mask mask_color, shape (4,4,3). My try is the following Makefile script using 'sed' : Convert SVG image to PNG image by python. Turning an image into black and white makes its main focus, whether it's a person, an object, or a situation, clearer to the viewer's eyes. Options include imageio, matplotlib, pillow, etc. There are many methods to convert an image to ndarray, few of them are: Method 1: Using PIL and NumPy library. 255 in grayscale) and 0 to be black. . We can also convert an image to grayscale using the standard RGB to grayscale conversion formula that is imgGray = 0. The locations where the mask had pixel value 255 (white), the resulting image retained its original gray value. import numpy as np import cv2 img = cv2. I can't convert this into image? I've tried countless different functions and none of them work. Erosion is the process of removing white pixels from the boundaries in an image. import image def black_and_white(pic): for y in range(pic. Aug 16, 2010 · image. For this application we do not need the colour image. import scipy. keras. Below is the code: Pillow – Convert image to grayscale. TABLE OF CONTENT a. It should be ok. It loads the current image on GUI but does not convert to black and white. I got inside area to fill white and outside area to fill black. color import rgb2gray from skimage. image. Let's first load the image and find out the histogram of images. I had RGB images and convert them: from PIL import Image img = Image. 8. 6 in Anaconda 4. 3 on a Windows 10 device. I want 1 to be white (i. ImageOps. Is there any built-in Jul 7, 2024 · From the output, it can be seen that in the grayscale images, each pixel value lie in a range of 0 to 255 represented different shades of gray. convert:. Now I am going to show you how you can convert RGB to Binary Image or convert a colored image to black and white. Aug 27, 2024 · The steps above outline the process to convert JPG to PDF black and white using Python. See FFmpeg convert video to Black & White with threshold? This is like using Colors → Threshold in the GIMP. I need to do it with matplotlib or scipy. open(in_path). getRed() g = p. Instead, you should convert the image to mode 'P' using the WEB palette and specify a custom palette using the putpalette method. open('bw_circle. And you should be familiar with basic OpenCV functions and uses like reading an image or how to load a pre-trained model using dnn module etc. svg in python 3. Oct 13, 2020 · I am new to OpenCV and I do not understand how to traverse and change all the pixels of black with colour code exact RGB(0,0,0) to white colour RGB(255,255,255). We’re going to use the Caffe colourization model for this program. asarray(). io import imread, imsave from ski Feb 2, 2023 · Black and white images offer a desirable, moody aesthetic with greater detail in shadowy areas, and they also boast a smaller file size than their color-filled counterparts. pyplot as plt import matplotlib. Image colorization is the process of taking an input grayscale (black and white) image and then producing an output colorized image that represents the semantic colors and tones of the input (for example, an ocean on a clear sunny day must be plausibly “blue” — it can’t be Aug 7, 2024 · Prerequisites: Python OpenCVSuppose we have two data images and a test image. save("result. jpg") it gave me below unclear image There is an alternative method to Yann's answer that gives you finer control. decode_png() can output grayscale, RGB and RGBA image. Typically 0 is taken to be black, and 255 is taken to be white. png'). The below example code demonstrates how to use the image In this article at OpenGenus, we learn how to convert Images to black and white using python script using Pillow and OpenCV. imshow('Indices',indices) cv2. models import Sequential from tensorflow. fromarray(grey_array). np. 0 * b x = int(x) ## to convert it to an integer newp = image Nov 16, 2020 · I am still trying to figure out how to convert an image to black and white. I tried with ImageOps. Sep 18, 2020 · I need to convert images black background to white and white char to black in images using python libaray. Steps to convert a given color image to a grayscale image. from scipy. array(img) np_img = ~np_img # invert B&W np_img[np_img > 0] = 1 Apr 2, 2020 · To get the colour black, all 3 colour components must be 0. png", cv2. open('your_image. Code # […] Aug 13, 2020 · Scenario. Along with removing color, converting an image to black and white is an essential basic operation that reduces the computational load of further operations. png") # open colour image image_file = image_file. expand_dims(img1, axis=-1) print(y. This solution uses glob to edit all pngs in a folder, removing a color and swapping it out with another, but uses RGBA. Oct 26, 2023 · Now available on Stack Overflow for Teams! AI features where you work: search, IDE, and chat. In matlab I use this: img = rgb2gray(imread('image. But I'd like to convert RGBA to pure black and white in Tensorflow (without using pillow). fromimage(image, 0) However, when I do Apr 7, 2014 · I have an array of 50x50 elements of which each is either True or False - this represents a 50x50 black and white image. all what l need is for every image l check if the character is written in black if not change the character color to black and the background to white. Jul 26, 2019 · In Python to open an image, image editing, saving that image in different formats one additional library called Python Imaging Library (PIL). To convert given image to grayscale using Pillow library, you can use Image. 2989 * R + 0. Check below, I have attached some of the bw images, that are so accurate. If you want three colors it's easy to expand this method. cvtColor(gray,cv2. import glob from PIL import Image old_color = 255, 0, 255, 255 new_color = 0, 0, 0, 0 for path in glob. convert("L") Then I convert the image to a matrix so that I can easily do some image processing using. Image. Importance of Grayscaling in OpenCV. I would like to convert all the white pixels to black pixels, so that there is a picture of a red random walk over a black background, this means I cannot just invert the colors of image. shape This would return : for a black and white or grayscale image An (n,n) matrix where n represents the dimension of the images (pixels) and values inside the matrix range from 0 to 255. Oct 9, 2020 · Image processing with Python, NumPy; Concatenate images with Python, OpenCV (hconcat, vconcat, np. If you pass the rgb array, then you can get a color image Image. 0 * r + . layers import Activation, Dense, Flatten, BatchNormalization, Conv2D Mar 7, 2016 · tf. Apr 18, 2018 · I have this image rand-walk-2. do any one knows any other method to convert the image into the b&w images. Jun 19, 2020 · #blackandwhiteimage #openCV #pythonHello, Dwinkers!!!Convert an image to black and white image using python and OpenCV Library. atleast_3d exactly for this purpose -. uint8) # the '[:-1]' is used to skip the contour at the outer border of the image contours = cv2 May 9, 2017 · There's a built-in np. I made (with help from the internet) the following function: May 23, 2018 · I have a folder of JPEGs. So essentially, pixels would be [0-255,0,255]. See full list on pythonexamples. My logic is to check all non-black pixels and change their Saturation value to 0 and Intensity value to 255. For an explanation on how to get video from a web camera using OpenCV, please check here. If there is, for example, a light yellow circle, I want that to become a black circle. imgage = cv2. Jul 18, 2022 · I have an image that need to do OCR (Optical Character Recognition) to extract all data. 16. imshow(im) pl. I can easily convert black to white, white to black by these code in python element. In this video, learn how to convert a Feb 7, 2012 · It takes in an RGBA image and returns an RGB image with alpha channel converted to white color. You can achieve this in a binary image by using ImageFilter. from PIL import Image def imageAlphaToWhite(image): background = Image. I highly recommend you get the “Computer Vision: Models, Learning, and Inference Book” to learn Computer Vision. Is there functionality within Pillow where it "just knows" that I want 1=white & 0=black (rather than 255=white & 0=black)? EDIT Jun 29, 2022 · I have used the Grey and Threshold tool of the Open CV library. Aug 30, 2012 · I'm trying to use matplotlib to read in an RGB image and convert it to grayscale. cvtColor() that can be used to convert an image to grayscale. Image pixels can take values determined by the dtype of the image (see Image data types and what they mean), such as 0 to 255 for uint8 images or [0, 1] for floating-point images. import glob from skimage. Importing library import cv2 Importing image data image = cv2. To convert given image to black and white using Pillow library, you can use Image. Since scikit-image operates on NumPy arrays, any image reader library that provides arrays will do. One thing that comes to your mind that how to read the image from the storage and work on it. all(axis=2))] = [0,0,0]; Feb 2, 2024 · The mode includes 1-bit and 8-bits pixel black and white images, RGB images, HSV images, BGR images and, LAB images, etc. open(file). Jul 7, 2024 · Convert image from White to Black using Pillow library Python pillow library provides a . Code to Export Image to Black and White PDF using Python Mar 9, 2022 · In this article, we’ll create a program to convert a black & white image i. This is done to preserve precision during long sequences of operations. imread("imgage. Is there any function or way to che Jan 20, 2021 · pip install OpenCV-python OpenCV is the most useful library in Python which makes it easier to work on image or video processing in Python. 128 tends to be grey! For color or RGB image It will render Dec 17, 2019 · I'm trying to make all white pixels transparent using the Python Image Library. jpg') Converting to gray Dec 19, 2018 · import matplotlib. Example: C/C++ Code Nov 14, 2017 · Image. IMREAD_UNCHANGED) trans_mask = image[:,:,3] == 255 image[trans_mask] = [255, 255, 255, 255] The output i got it. png', 0) result_fill = np. I do not know where the problem is (input and output image should be bmp) from PIL import Free tool to convert your color photo to black and white image. convert("1"). * originalImage return temp however, I cannot do this when I am treating tensorflow code. A very simple way of converting an image to black and white with OpenCV can be done with a binary thresholding operation. IMREAD_GRAYSCALE parameter or use cv2. Blur the image. The syntax of this function is: Sep 13, 2013 · How would I take an RGB image in Python and convert it to black and white? Not grayscale, I want each pixel to be either fully black (0, 0, 0) or fully white (255, 255, 255). Feb 15, 2023 · This tutorial covers the basic image manipulation techniques involving matplotlib, NumPy and scikit learn. png"): if "__out" in path: print "skipping on", path continue print "working on", path im = Image. convert('1') pl. Here's one way: from PIL import Image import numpy as np img = Image. im = Image. fromarray is poorly defined with floating-point input; it's not well documented but the function assumes the input is laid-out as unsigned 8-bit integers. open(path) im = im. filter() method. Jul 4, 2017 · I want to print this as an image where all the True values are white and the False values are black. Steps to convert Color image to Grayscale image. So let's get started right away! I need it to be grayscale because I want to draw on top of the image with color. Convert image from White to Black using Pillow library Nov 14, 2019 · I read an image with ndimage, which results in a binary image like this: I would like to invert the image such that white turns into black, and vice versa. Here's the code for resizing it: resized_images = [skimage. image_file= image_file. Pillow – Convert image to black and white. convert('L') np_img = np. where((img==[255,255,255]). waitKey() Jul 12, 2017 · I have a list of images, I want to resize them and convert them to black and white and then display. 1140 * B. imread('test. Those images are typically stored in JPEG or PNG format. from PIL import Image img = Image. I don't want this behaviour. OpenCV provides a function called cv2. Grayscaling is the process of converting an image from any color space to grayscale color space. astype(int) #To convert the true to 1 and false to 0 indices*=255 #To change all the 1's to 255 cv2. cvtColor() to convert a BGR image to grayscale with the cv2. Mar 22, 2017 · import ImageEnhance. Use Otsu’s method of thresholding to create a binary image, where the pixels that were part of the maize plant are white, and everything else is black. Once we load in the image, we throw this grayscale image into Matplotlib to obtain our heatmap image. transform. convert('L') # Just for testing: The image is saved correct #img. The main idea is to determine the amount of white pixels in the image, then based on the amount, check for white or black lines. (I'm a C hacker trying to learn python so be gentle) I've got the conversion working (at least the pixel values look Image color manipulation with Python and OpenCVSource code:https://github. Is the font also affecting this? Mar 23, 2010 · If the image is RGBA transparent this will fail This should work though: from PIL import Image import PIL. Use the format filter if you want to convert to grayscale format: ffmpeg -i input -vf format=gray output This is like using Image → Mode → Grayscale in the GIMP. Python v2. im_gray = im. First, it loads the source image from the disk and then caches it after casting it to the supported format. image_file = Image. This module is somewhat experimental, and most operators only work on L and RGB images. countNonZero(). imread() with the cv2. Feb 25, 2019 · In this tutorial, you will learn how to colorize black and white images using OpenCV, Deep Learning, and Python. COLOR_BGR2GRAY) to convert from RGB to grayscale, but to go back I'm confused, and the function backtorgb = cv2. open("image_file_path") #for example image size : 28x28x3 img1 = img. Nov 15, 2020 · The goal is to convert the current image in GUI window to black and white Below is my code: def BlackAndWhite(self): from images import Image LoadAFile = self. In this article we will look at the two simple ways to convert a photo to black and white and then we will also learn how to make a sepia-toned photo. misc import fromimage, toimage from PIL import Image import numpy as np in_path = 'E:\\in. Early in the program I used gray = cv2. Feb 28, 2024 · 💡 Problem Formulation: In image processing, creating black and white images is a fundamental task that can be the starting point for various applications such as mask creation, background subtraction, or simply as placeholders. Any suggestion Convert RGB to Binary Image in Python using OpenCV. To make it easier for you, ResizePixel provides a free online service that converts images to black and white in a few simple steps. new("RGBA", image. getHeight()): for x in range(pic. Apr 9, 2020 · I am trying to convert some of my pictures to black and white. How can I quickly convert all the black pixels [0,0,0] to white [255,255,255], without using any loops, without additional packages, Jul 20, 2017 · I want to change some pictures which is consist of black and white elements only (MNIST). I am doing so to be able to compare the images to find sign duplicates. convert("RGB") return alphaComposite Apr 28, 2023 · When you convert the image to mode 'P' using the ADAPTIVE palette, the palette is generated from the colors in the image, which means that the pixel values in the image might not be mapped to the RGB values you want. I read in the image and convert to grayscale using PIL's Image. Then, invert the 0 & 255 values. save('aa_comressed_32opinvert. Now, I want to convert the image on right to Black and white. Still it Performs well and good. I want to convert them all to greyscale with scikit-image. convert() function. And is there a better way to do the comparaison? thanks Jun 27, 2022 · I have a transparent background image and i want to color all transparent region as black and rest of region as white. open() and numpy. png') or tried on matlab using: Mar 28, 2017 · for that l have thousand of images. open('joconde. The ImageOps module contains a number of ‘ready-made’ image processing operations. uint8) * 255 result_borders = np. I bind that command to def bAndW(self). 255 * b else: x = . You can convert an image into black and white using OpenCV Python by following the given steps. getPixel(x,y) r = p. tf. Oct 11, 2017 · If you want to change a photo that you took into a black and white photo programmatically, the Pillow package has you covered. def inverseImageBW_array(originalImage): temp = 1 - originalImage temp = -1. Here we are just going to write a few lines of Python code and it will convert our RGB image into a binary image. As we want to convert our image to grayscale, we can pass 1 as mode argument for 1-bit black and white mode, L for 8-bits black and white image, and LA for alpha mode. com/maksimKorzh/open-cv-tutorials/tree/main/src/colorsOpenCV Tutorials playlist:htt Convert Black & white image in Colour using python Introduction Hello Curious Coders, In this project we are going to convert the Blacka and White Image to Colour Image using Python. However, most images either have a narrower range of values (because of poor contrast), or have most pixel values concentrated in a subrange of the accessible values. So how to do the greyscale conversion using PIL. misc import matplotlib. Jul 22, 2015 · My code currently ensures the image is only black or white and then tries to use the scipy label function to group the white pixels (this should work as it groups any none 0 values and I made all black pixels have 0's and all white pixels hold 1. mask3 = cv. ones(img. getWidth()): p = pic. ldswbwa ofqnuj efralck qqgxnh sntw brnci cqfoejp zjqcog cvj eaez